By Sami Rusanen

International Lawyer, legal counsel, critical analyst, executive consultant, project & HR Manager, Investment (Linkedin)
Since the 1970s, Finnish identity has undergone a profound transformation, closely tied to Finland’s shift from a largely homogeneous country of emigration to an increasingly diverse society shaped by immigration. What was once a marginal issue has become central to political debate and everyday conversations about belonging. Migration has not only changed who lives in Finland, but also how Finnishness itself is understood, questioned, and redefined.
In the 1970s, Finland was primarily a country people left rather than moved to. Tens of thousands of Finns migrated abroad, especially to Sweden, in search of work and better economic opportunities. Migration at the time was seen mainly as a practical response to labor demand, not as something that challenged national identity. Finnish society was widely perceived as culturally and ethnically homogeneous. Being Finnish was closely associated with speaking Finnish, sharing a common historical narrative, and fitting into a relatively uniform cultural framework. Apart from the Swedish-speaking minority and the Sámi—whose voices were often sidelined—internal diversity received little public attention.
This began to change slowly in the 1980s. Finland started to receive small numbers of refugees, including people fleeing war and political repression in Vietnam and parts of Latin America. There were also labor migrants and Finns returning from Sweden. Yet immigration remained limited in scale and visibility, and it rarely sparked broader political debate. Finnish identity was still largely seen as stable and clearly bounded. Integration, where it was discussed at all, was understood as a one-way process: newcomers were expected to adapt to Finnish society, rather than society adapting in response.
The 1990s marked a turning point. The collapse of the Soviet Union reshaped migration patterns across Northern Europe, and Finland was no exception. Ingrian Finns arrived from Russia under policies that framed them as ethnic “return migrants.” At the same time, Finland began to receive more asylum seekers, notably from Somalia and the Balkan region. Finland’s accession to the European Union in 1995 further embedded the country in European migration and asylum frameworks. Migration became more visible, and with visibility came debate—about citizenship, integration, and who could truly belong. Finnishness started to shift, slowly, from a narrowly ethnic concept toward a more civic one, based on citizenship, language skills, and participation in society. Still, anxieties about cultural difference and social cohesion were never far from the surface.
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